The US pushes space-based nuclear reactors by 2030s

US space nuclear reactors are set to be deployed within the next three to four years under a new policy direction from the White House, outlining an ambitious push to expand American capabilities beyond Earth orbit. The plan tasks NASA with initiating a program to develop a mid-power reactor system, including a lunar-ready variant targeted for launch by 2030.

NASA lunar power program gains momentum

NASA lunar power initiatives are accelerating as the agency prepares to develop a fission surface power (FSP) system designed to operate on the Moon. The project will involve partnerships with multiple vendors to advance reactor and power conversion technologies through design reviews and ground testing phases.

Nuclear electric propulsion is also a key focus, with plans to demonstrate a space-based propulsion system powered by nuclear energy. These NEP systems are expected to be compatible with launch vehicles available by 2029, ensuring flexibility while minimizing technical and financial risks.

Space reactor design efforts will be driven by parallel competitions led by NASA and the Department of War, aiming to fast-track the development of low- to mid-power reactors. The broader strategy includes preparing for high-power reactor deployment in the 2030s for both orbital and lunar missions, reported Interesting Engineering.

Mid-power reactor systems are being designed to generate at least 20 kilowatts of electricity for extended missions—up to three years in orbit and five years on the lunar surface. The designs will prioritize reliability and the use of proven technologies to ensure mission success.

Low-power reactor option considered

Low-power reactor systems may also be included in NASA’s plans, offering at least 1 kilowatt of electricity as a cost-effective alternative. These systems could share common technologies with larger reactors, improving efficiency and reducing development risks.

High-power reactor scalability is a core requirement, with at least one design expected to be expandable to 100 kilowatts or more. This approach aims to future-proof the technology for more demanding missions deeper into space.

Space superiority strategy is shaping the initiative, as outlined by Michael Kratsios during the Space Symposium. The policy aligns with an executive order by Donald Trump focused on strengthening U.S. dominance in space.